1Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, I_arson MG, et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for car- diovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age [ J ]. Circulation, 2006, 113 : 791-798.
2US Department of Health and Human Services, Off'ice of the Surgeon General. The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obe- sity [ EB/OL ]. http ://www. surgeongeneral, gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact _adolescents. htm. Accessed October 29, 2010.
3Wang G, Macera CA, Scudder-Soucie B, et al. A cost-benefit analysis of phys- ical activity using bike/pedestrian trails [ J ]. Health Promot Pract, 2005, 6: 174-179.
4Prevention for a Healthier America: Investments in Disease Prevention Yield Significant Savings, Stronger Communities[ R]. Washington, DC: Trust for A- merica's Health,2008.
5Behan DF, Eriksen MP, Lin Y. Economic effects of environmental tobacco smoke[ EB/OL ]. http ://www. soa. org/files/pdf/ETSRepol~FinalDraft (Fi- nal%203), pdf. Accessed January 5, 2011.
6Ahmad S, Franz GA. Raising taxes to reduce smoking prevalence in the US: a simulation of the anticipated health and economic impacts [ J ]. Public Health, 2008,122: 3-10.
7Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C. The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach [J]. J Health Econ, 2012,31 ( 1 ) :219-230.
8Trogdon JG. Finkelstein EA, Hylands T, et al. Indirect costs of obesity: a re- view of the current literature[J]. Obes Rev, 2008, 9: 489-500.
9Ruger JP, Emmons KM. Economic evaluations of smoking cessation and relapse prevention programs for pregnant women : a systematic review [ J ]. Value Health, 2008,11: 180-190.
