农牧民偏好对政府主导生态建设工程的生态适应性意义——以江西山江湖和青海三江源为例

The significance of ecological adaptation of the preferences of farmers and herdsmen to government leading ecological construction projects:A comparative analysis of Mountain-River-Lake of Jiangxi and Three-River Headwaters of Qinghai

使用参与性农村评估、历史资料文献、生态时限等方法,重点分析农牧民偏好对生态建设工程的生态适应性。结果表明:山江湖农民和三江源牧民在经济收益最大、生产方式延续和信仰习俗维持上的偏好是决定政府主导生态建设工程能否顺利实施并取得预期成效的稳定性力量,具体生态适应性措施选择和对策安排时必须确保、延续或维持,它们有的可为生态适应性对策的安排或进一步合适调整提供新的思路或指示,有的则因本身就是生态适应性恢复或重建做法可直接利用的。但是,山江湖农民偏好归根结底就是对经济利益最大化的追求,山场重建的适应性安排中易于利用,而三江源牧民偏好则仍停留于宗教习俗框架内,草场恢复的适应性调控中难以改变。但在施加适当引导措施的情景下,前者可转换为更为主动的适应性参与而后者仍有很大的被动性。

This paper emphatically analyzed the significance of ecological adaptation of the preferences of farmers and herdsmen to government leading ecological construction pro-jects in Mountain-River-Lake of Jiangxi Province and Three-River Headwaters of Qinghai Province, using the methods of participatory rural appraisal, existing literatures and eco-logical time. The results indicated that the preferences of farmers and herdsmen involved maximum economic benefit, continuous production means, and sustainable belief and cus- tom. They were the stable forces to determine whether government leading ecological con- struction was carried out successfully and obtained expected effects or not. Some of them could provide new ideas and directions for the arrangements or further appropriate adjust- ment of ecological adaptation strategies. And some of them could be used to restore or re- construct impaired ecological basement, as they were sound practices and actions for eco- logical construction themselves. However, in Mountain-River-Lake, farmers＂ preferences finally presented the pursuit of maximum economic benefit. They were easily used for the adaptive policy arrangement of mountainous ecological reconstruction. In Three-River Headwaters, herdsmen＇s preferences were still in the framework of belief and custom. They were difficultly changed for the adaptive measure design of pasture restoration. Mo- reover, the former can be converted to more active adaptive participation, while the latter is still more passive, when appropriate guidance measures are taken.