1Novak,J.D.,& Gowin,D.B. Learning How to Leam[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1984: 15.
2Mintzes, J.J., Wandersee, J.H., & Novak,J.D.Meaningful Learn- ing in Science: The Human Constractivist Perspective[M]//In Gary D.Phye(ed.),Handbook of Academic Learning:Construction of Knowledge.Pittsburgh:Academic Press, 1997 : 405-407.
3Kuhn,T.The Structure of Scientific Revolutions [M].Chicago:U- niversity of Chicago Press, 1962 : 89.
4Novak,J.D.,& Gowin,D.B.Learning How to Learn[M].New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984 : 97.
5Amaudin, M.A., Mintzes, J.J., Dunn, C.S., &Sharer, T.H.Concept Mapping in CoUege Science Teaching [J].Joumal of College Science Teaching, 1984 : 117--121.
6Novak,J.D.,& Gowin,D.B.Leaming How to Leam[M].New York:Cambridge University Press, 1984:36.
7Ausubel, D., Novak, J., & Hanesian, H.Educational Psychology:A Cognitive View[M].New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978: 59.
8Novak,J.D.,& Gowin,D.B.Learning How to Learn[M].New York:Cambridge University Press, 1984:16.
9Sowa,J.Concept Mapping.Talk Presented at the AERA Conference. San Francisco, 2006.http://www.jfsowa.com/talks/cmapping.pdf.
10Fisher,K.Semantic Networking:The New Kid on the Block [J].Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1990,27 (10): 1001-1018.