西宁办事大臣与雍乾时期青海多民族区域管理制度之形成

The Grand Minister Resident of Xining and the Qing Local Governance in Qinghai

以西宁为政治中心的青海地区,经历了长久的历史进程,在清代雍正、乾隆年间形成清晰的行政区域。雍正朝在当时中央专管蒙藏民族事务的理藩院下特设西宁办事大臣,施政于人文环境高度多元的青海社会。蒙古专有的盟旗制,安多藏族特有的土司制,汉回各族在中原管理模式下的府县制,成为青海多元管理机制中最主要的三大体系,是近现代青海行政格局的历史基础。没有西宁办事大臣在青海的使命,就没有现代的青海行政疆域。

To be a sizeable part of the historical Amdo, the present day Qinghai was a vital arena in the power contest between three major forces during the Ming-Qing transition： the growing Yellow Sect population of Tibetan Buddhism centered in heartland Tibet, the Mongol groups from Northeast first and then from Northwest, and the rising Manchu dynasty from the East. The arrival of the Han Chinese and the Muslim population （ both the Chinese-speaking and the Central Asian Muslims） further increased the regional diversity in terms of nationalities and their social systems. Emerging as the political headquarter of the region, the administrative office of the Grand Minister Resident of Xining as a branch of the Lifanyuan at the central government started its operation since the Yongzheng reign （1723--36）. This office played a key role to transform Qinghai into a distinct administrative sector inside the Qing Empire under its modern label. Its unique governing experience in managing Amdo Tibetans in their traditional tusi system, the Mongol groups in the banner system, and the Han and Muslim population in the Chinese province-country system has left a significant mark in the regional as well as the national history of China. The history of this office, neglected in the previous Qing studies, helps us to realize that the Qinghai study deserves to be a self-standing academic field as the Tibetan studies and Mongolian studies have been.