硫酸盐还原菌的微生物防治

Microbial Control of Sulfate-reducing Bacteria

硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)是一类能在厌氧条件下以有机物为电子供体,将硫酸盐还原为硫化物的原核微生物。SRB产生的硫化物具有毒性和腐蚀性,其腐蚀产物硫化铁会堵塞地层,历来为环保和石油工业所关注。杀菌剂虽广泛用于抑制SRB生长;但杀菌剂不但价格高,对人体和环境有毒害作用,而且由于生物膜会降低杀菌效果和SRB会产生抗药性,难以获得满意的效果。目前,提出用微生物方法解决这一问题:(1)用硝酸盐激活硝酸盐还原菌,通过生物竞争抑制硫酸盐还原菌生长繁殖;(2)用硫化物氧化菌,通过生物氧化除去硫化物;(3)用短芽孢菌,通过其分泌物抑制硫酸盐还原菌生长和繁殖;(4)用噬菌体杀死SRB。目前对方法(1)在油田和方法(2)在污水处理方面已做过很多研究和现场试验,对方法(3)和方法(4)也做过一些研究。这些方法都有各自的优缺点,本文对相关问题进行了分析。

Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria （SRB） is a group of prokaryotes which are capable of reducing the sulfate to sulfide under anaerobic condition with organic substance as electron donors. Sulfide production by SRB is a major concern fur the petroleum industry, since it is toxic and corrosive, and causes plugging due to the formation of insoluble iron sulfides. Biocides are widely used to control SRB growth. Experience has shown that biocides are expensive and toxic to humans and environment, but more importantly, biocidal treatments are not always effective, since the biological film will reduce biocidal effect and SRB will eventually develop the resistance to biocides. Various microbial methods for inhibiting SRB have been proposed for different treatment purposes as follows ： （1） application of nitrate to activate Nitrate Reducing Bacteria （NRB） for inhibiting the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria through biological competition; （2） application of Sulfide Oxidizing Bacteria （SOB） for removing hydrogen sulfide through biological oxidation; （3） application of Brevibacillus brevis for inhibiting SRB through the produced antagonistic substance; （4） application of phage for killing SRB. At present, application of method one in oil field and application of method two in sewage treatment have entered the industrial tests, both method three and method four are still in the basic research stage. These methods have great application prospect, however there are many problems to be solved. The analysis on these problems is carried on.