东亚贸易体系形成与封贡体制衰落——以唐后期登州港为中心

Formation of East Asian Trade System and Decline of Tributary System——Dengzhou Port of the Later Tang Dynasty as the Center

"朝贡体系"论是当今海外学术界诠释古代中国对于东亚贸易体系所起关键作用的一种理论。东亚贸易体系最初形成,滥觞于安史之乱后淄青镇节度使的经济利益驱动,由于他握有唐朝对新罗和渤海国交往的涉外权利,以登州港为中心,地跨唐朝与新罗、渤海两国间的走私贸易开始出现;在淄青镇李氏割据势力被平定后,张保皋所主导的登州与新罗、日本间的海运贸易也渐成规模;五代十国以及宋元以后,随着以市舶司制度为核心的"互市体制"的确立,东亚海运贸易网络也不断发展。从历史的长时段观察,"朝贡体系"论既不能作为东亚贸易体系之表征,也不能说明前近代东亚贸易体系的形成机制。

Tributary system is a theory that overseas scholars used to interpret how ancient China played a key role in East Asian trade system.However,this paper has shown that East Asian trade system initially originated from the economic interest drive of Jiedushi of Zi Qing Town after Anshi rebellion.Because he controlled the international right of the Tang Dynasty exchanges with Silla and Bohai,it began to appear smuggling trade among Tang Dynasty,Silla and Bohai with the Dengzhou port as the center.After the Lee separatist forces of Zi Qing Town ended,the maritime trade,which was dominated by Jang Bogo among Dengzhou,Silla and Japan,formed a large scale.After the period of the Five Dynasties and Song and Yuan Dynasties,along with the establishment of mutual trade system which centered on Shi-bo-si system,East Asian maritime trade network also continuously developed.From the long period of history,tributary system theory can neither be regarded as the character of East Asian trade system,nor explain the formation mechanism of East Asian trade system before modern times.