试论先秦文献基本词汇的判定和义类描写——以《国语》基本词为例

Tentatively on the Determination of Basic Vocabulary in Pre-Qin Literature and Its Description of Semantic Categories With Guoyu As an Example

先秦文献《国语》中存在着大量的基本词汇,判定包括《国语》在内的先秦文献基本词汇应该以稳固性为主要标准,这包括历时和共时两种稳固性,其他标准只能是辅助标准;各家对先秦汉语基本词汇分类的不同说法,比较科学的做法是借鉴《尔雅》义类对《国语》基本词汇进行分类,由此《国语》基本词分为两大义类:一是《国语》和《尔雅》共有的基本词义类;二是《国语》有而《尔雅》无的基本词义类,其下又包括不同的义类等级以及其中具体的词。

As there exists a large basic vocabulary in Guoyu , a document from the Pre - Qin period, the determination of the basic vocabulary in Pre - Qin literature ought to be based upon their stability as the main standard, including the following two stabilities, namely the diachronic stability and the synchronic stability, with others as secondary standards. Among the different classification versions for semantic categories of the basic vocabulary in Pre -Qin Chinese, however, the more scientific approach is to classify the semantic categories of the basic vocabulary in Guoyu in the light of the classification practiced in Erya. As a result, the basic vocabulary in Guoyu are divided into two major categories： the common semantic category exits both in Guoyu and in Erya ; and that only exists in Guoyu , but not in Erya, including a hierarchy of different semantic categories and the exact vocabulary within them.