试论提单在海上货物运输中的债权凭证属性

Discussion on the Certificate of Creditor's Right Characteristic of the Bill of Lading in Transportation by Sea

在海上货物运输领域,提单是海上货物运输合同的证明;是证明货物由承运人接受或去装船的单证;是承运人据以交付货物的保证。提单保证据以交付货物,符合债权凭证的特征。基于运输合同的性质,收货人或提单持有人要求承运人凭单放货这一权利是一种基于合同约定而产生的债权请求权,而承运人根据提单据以交货也是一种基于合同的义务。若承运人无单放货或是其它行为导致收货人或者提单持有人债权无法实现,承运人应当承担的是违约责任。因此,在海上货物运输过程中,提单是作为一种债权凭证存在的。

In the field of cargo transportation by sea, the bill of lading is the proof of cargo transportation contract, which proves that the carrier can receive the goods or load the ship. The bill of lading guarantees de- livering goods, which corresponds with the characteristic of certificate of creditor＇s right. Based on the nature of transportation contract, it is the right of the obligatory claim that the consignee or the holder of the bill has the right to ask the carrier to deliver goods. Accordingly, it is an obligation of the carrier to deliver goods. If the carrier delivers goods without the bill of lading or other conducts leading consignee＇s lost, the carrier will be re- sponsible for violating the agreement. Therefore, the bill of lading exists as a certificate of creditor~ right in the field of cargo transportation by sea.