斯巴达“军国主义化”反思

A Reflection on the Militarization of Sparta

西方学术史上存在一种颇有影响的观点,认为古代斯巴达是军国主义国家或具有强烈军国主义色彩的国家。这种观点出现于公元前4世纪的古代希腊,一直延续到现在。但客观而言,西方学者在这一问题上存在不同程度的理论和史料运用错误。判断一个国家是否是军国主义国家必须综合考虑其制度与政策、内政与外交。依照这些标准,公元前5世纪中期之前,斯巴达并不是军国主义国家,斯巴达的军国主义化开始于公元前5世纪60年代,形成于公元前5世纪30年代。但是,古代斯巴达没有建立起极权主义的国家体制,也没发展成为现代意义上的典型的军国主义国家。

In Western academic history,the view that ancient Sparta was a militarist state or a state with strong militarist features has always been an influential one.This view first appeared in Greece of the 4th century BC and has continued to the present day.But objectively speaking,Western scholars have,to varying degrees,been in error on this point,both in theory and in the use of historical materials.To judge whether a state is militarist,we must give comprehensive consideration to its institutions,policies,internal affairs and diplomacy.According to this criterion,Sparta was not a militarist state until the mid-5th century BC.Its militarization began in the sixties of the fifth century BC and was established by the thirties.However,ancient Sparta did not establish a totalitarian state system and did not develop into a typical militarist state in the modern sense.