城市家庭居住地选址的空间异质性分析--以美国佛罗里达州橙县为例

Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis of Household Residential Location Choice:A Case Study in Orange County,Florida,USA

家庭选择居住地的行为天然具有空间性,因而空间异质性效应是家庭居住地选址建模不可忽视的因素。传统的居住地选址模型基于空间一致性假设,即假设影响因素对家庭的居住地选择行为的影响在空间上一致,因而忽略了空间异质性效应。基于多项Logit模型构建了居住地选址模型,并在两个空间尺度和5个子区域中分别应用该模型,来反映影响因素的影响作用在空间上的变化。以美国佛罗里达州橙县家庭选址为例进行实证研究,结果表明:家庭居住地选址行为的影响因素在不同的空间位置和空间尺度上具有不同的作用,因而存在显著的空间异质性。尽管以美国地区为例,但所得结论对国内案例区研究同样具有借鉴意义。

Households＇ behaviors of choosing residential locations are spatial in nature. Therefore, spatial ef- fects cannot be disregarded when molding household residential location choice. Spatial correlation and spatial heterogeneity are two aspects of spatial effect. Several studies regarding spatial effect in household location choice modeling have been conducted. However, the existing studies mainly focused on spatial autocorrelation effect in household location choices, where the spatial heterogeneity effect was ignored. Conventional residen- tial location choice models are typically based on the assumption of spatial homogeneity, assuming that the im- pacts of an influencing factor are constant across space. Therefore, spatial heterogeneity effect is ignored in tra- ditional residential location choice models. In this study, Orange County, FL, USA was used as a case study. Census Block Groups （CBG） in the study area were grouped into five sets, where hot spot analysis （Getis-Ord Gi＊） in ArcGIS was employed for location alternatives grouping because it enables spatial locations to be geo- graphically grouped based on one non-spatial attribute. Finally, we used seven multinomial logit model based residential location choices models in the five sub-regions of the study area and at two spatial scales （CBG scale and CBG set scale）, respectively. The estimation results provided evidences that both location-dependent and scale-dependent variations exist in the impacts of the influencing factors on household residential location choice. At the higher scale （CBG set scale）, zonal attributes are the main influencing factors. At the lower scale （CBG scale）, however, the interaction variables between household characters and zonal attributes play a lead- ing role. Variable effects vary significantly across regions at the CBG scale. For example, the interactive vari- able between zonal Black population density and the Black ethnicity dummy variable of a household is only sig- nificant in two regions out of all the five regions. Therefore, spatial heterogeneity is a significant characteristic of the impacts of influencing factors on household residential location choice. Although the study area is located in USA, the conclusion is meaningful for future studies which use regions in China as cases.