对彼得一世改革的再诠释——“财政压力假说”的经验检验

Reinterpretation on PeterⅠ's Reform——An Empirical Test on the Fiscal Pressure Hypothesis

历史上不少国家都发生过由治国者发动的自上而下的变革,而"财政压力说"则对这类变革有一定的解释力。扭转财政危机、维持国家的义理性是彼得一世改革的动因。彼得一世的改革,是他与贵族、教会、工商业者和农民各利益集团之间博弈均衡的过程。彼得一世改革的路径选择是:"甩包袱"与向"新兴财富"征税并举,发展工商业;"向所有利益集团征税",进行币制改革;"向相关利益集团征税",再分配教会和农民的财富。彼得一世改革成功的标志是:各利益集团以纳税支持彼得一世的统治;俄国战胜强大的瑞典,国防力量得到巩固,彼得一世统治的义理性得到提升。

Many countries have experienced up-bottom reforms in the history, which can be explained by the ＂fiscal pressure hypothesis＂ . Solving a fiscal crisis and maintaining the government＇s legitimacy is the motiva- tion of Peter I＇s Reform. Peter I＇s Reform is an equilibrium game between him and the noble group, the church group, the industrial and commercial group and the farmer group. The path choice of the reform is as follows： getting rid of burdens and fostering industry and commercial at the same time; alleviating the fiscal crisis by ＂levying taxes on all interest groups＂ and carrying out mint reform; levying taxes on related interest groups and reallocating the wealth of the church group and the farmer group. The successful signs of the re- form are： Russia conquered Sweden, its defense power is strengthened, and the legitimacy of Peter I＇s rule is promoted.