试论马克思恩格斯的意识形态批判理论

A Probe into Ideology

区分马克思恩格斯关于意识形态的理论是描述的、肯定的还是贬抑的方法就是用文本来分析马克思恩格斯对待意识形态的态度:首先马克思恩格斯对所有意识形态都持否定性的批判,认为他们都是虚假的意识;其次,这种否定和贬低是辩证的扬弃,他们都统一在唯物史观的框架之中;再次,西方马克思主义虽然强调意识形态的批判,但他们想构建的和以往没有什么区别,仍是马克思恩格斯所批判的;最后,强化和泛化意识形态的做法是失败及不可取的,唯一合理的选项是淡化意识形态。

To determine whether Marx and Engels＇ theory of ideology is descriptive, affirmative or derogatory, it is necessary to use texts to analyze their attitude towards ideology. First and foremost, Marx and Engels show negative criticism towards all forms of ideology. Second, this kind of negative and derogatory attitude is actually dialectical sublating, unified in the framework of historical materialism. Third, although Western Marxism lay emphasis on the critique of ideology, what they want to build is no different from the past, which is stiU what was criticized by Marx and Engels. Finally, the practice of strengthening and generalizing ideology is a failure and undesirable, and the only reasonable option is to soften ideology.