从“里约+20”看绿色经济新理念和新趋势

New Concept and Trend of Green Economy Emerging from Rio+20

如果说20年前里约联合国环境与发展大会确立的核心概念是可持续发展,那么2012年"里约+20"联合国可持续发展大会提出的新概念就是绿色经济。本文概括了"里约+20"大会绿色经济的三个关键问题,并对中国绿色经济发展提出一些探索性的看法。①当前的绿色经济是世界绿色浪潮发展演进的新成果,具有与以往的绿色思潮不同的时代背景,具有对传统的褐色经济进行范式更替的革命意义。②绿色经济对传统以效率为导向的经济模式增加了两个重要维度。绿色经济试图将空气、水、土壤、矿产和其他自然资源的利用计入国家财富预算,强调经济增长要控制在关键自然资本的边界之内;绿色经济试图将"公平"或包容性变成与传统经济学中的"效率"同等重要的基本理念。③按照甜甜圈的理论,发达国家和发展中国家需要有不同的绿色解决战略。发达国家大多数有高的经济社会发展水平,但是生态足迹超过了地球人均,处于甜甜圈的外圈;发展中国家大多数生态足迹低于地球人均,但是经济社会发展水平不足,处于甜甜圈的内圈。发达国家和发展中国家需要从不同的方向走向地球边界和社会边界之间的中间圈。中国不能沿袭发达国家的褐色经济增长模式,需要大幅度提高绿色增长的效率。绿色经济对于中国未来10-30年的转型发展具有重要意义。绿色经济意义上的突破中等收入陷阱,应该具有经济高效、规模适度、社会包容的特征,人均生态足迹保持在发达国家水平之下,有与人均GDP 1万美元相匹配的人类发展水平,同时大幅度降低穷富之间的差距。中国可以运用绿色经济中自然资本消耗规模要控制、资源分配要公平、资源生产率要提高的一般原理和量变关系,构建三位一体的政策体系,推动绿色转型。第一是绿色经济的生态规模政策。对耕地、能源等重要的自然资本,要实行总量控制,形成倒逼机制,限制GDP的规模和速度过快增长。第二是绿色经济的分配公平政策。每个人都有发展的机会,要把资源环境总量按照人口平均分配到各区域。初始分配体现公平,特别是贫穷人口的生态权利。第三是绿色经济的效率提高政策。通过提高技术和管理水平,提高资源环境的生产率,自然资源要通过市场机制配置到最有效率的地方去。从区域看,沿海发达地区是生态优化功能区,应该在提高经济社会水平的同时降低生态足迹;中部地区是重点发展功能区,要尽可能提高生态效率,用较少的生态足迹增加实现有质量的经济社会发展;而在生态禁止发展和限制发展功能区,重点是降低贫穷人口比例,提供均等化的公共服务。

In 20 years ago, the core concept established in UN Environment and Development Conference in Rio De Janeiro was sustainable development,and the new concept put forward in Rio ＋ 20 UN Sustainable Development Conference in 2012 was green economy. The paper summarized three key issues of green economy in Rio ＋ 20 UN Sustainable Development Conference and discussed the green economy development in China. The three key issues are ： 1 ） The current green economy is the new progress resulting from the developing and evolving of the world＇ s green trends. Compared with the past green concepts, it has different times background and is a revolution reform to substitute traditional brown economy. 2） Compared with traditional economic mode oriented by efficiency, the green economy increases two dimensions. In green economy field, the calculation of application of air, water, soil, mineral resources and other natural resources should be included into national wealth budget, and economic growth should be controlled within boundary of key natural capital. Green economy regards ＂equality＂ or inclusiveness as a basic concept that is as important as efficiency in traditional economics. 3 ） According to Doughnut Principle, there are different green solution strategies for developed countries and developing countries. Most of developed countries have high economic and social development level, but their ecological footprints surpass the world＇s average level and are in the external circle of Doughnut Principle. Though most of ecological footprints in developing countries are lower than the world＇s average, due to the low economic and social development level, the ecological footprints in developing countries are in the internal circle of Doughnut Principle. Developed countries and developing countries should enter the middle circle between the earth boundary and social boundary. Green economy is significant to the development in transition period in the next 10 to 30 years. Breaking through the trap of middle-income in the perspective of green economy has the characteristics of highly efficient economy, appropriate scale and social inclusiveness. The average per capita footprint of China should maintain below the level of developed countries, equivalent to the human development level of per capita GDP US $ 10,000, and meanwhile China should largely decrease the gap between the poor and the rich. China can apply the common principle, which is controlling consumption scale of natural capital, equally allocating resources and increasing resources production ratio, and quantitative change relations, to construct the trinity policy system and promote green transition. The trinity policy system consists of three sides. The first is ecological scale policy of green economy, which means to control the total amount of the important natural resources such as cultivated land and resources so as to restrict the rapid growth of GDP scale and speed. The second side is equal allocation policy of green economy. Everyone has a chance of development. The total amount of resources should be averagely allocated in each region according to population. The primary allocation embodies equality, especially the ecological right of poor population. The third is efficiency improvement policy. In the way of improving technology and management level and production ratio of resources environment, natural resources should be allocated to the place of the highest efficiency according to market mechanism. In the aspect of region, the coastal developed region belongs to the ecological optimized function area, and its ecological footprint should be deceased while its economic and social levels are being improved. The middle region belongs to the key development function area. Its ecological efficiency should be improved and the social and economic development of high quality should be realized based on the increasing of less ecological footprint. In function area of restricting and forbidding the development of ecological resources, the emphasis should be put on decreasing the ratio of the poor population and providing the public service with equality.