从辅助原则看个人、社会、国家、超国家之间的关系

The Relations among Individual,Social,National and Supranational: From the Principle of Subsidiarity

辅助原则的发展与演变经历了很长时期,其在理论上的完善和在实践中的运用与天主教的社会思想有着直接联系。辅助原则的核心理念是,在特定公众和组织无法自主实现某种目标时,高一层级的组织应该介入,但仅限于出于保护他们的目的;并且,高一层级社会团体或者政治组织只能处理那些低一层级的社会团体或者政治组织无法独立处理而高一层级的机构又能更好完成的事务。从辅助原则规范的领域来看,它经历了从社会领域扩展到国家领域,再扩展到国际领域的演变过程。作为一项规范性原则,辅助原则提供了处理个人、社会、国家、超国家之间关系及其各自内部不同层面关系的可资借鉴的原则。辅助原则在现代政治中的作用和影响越来越大,但是,由于辅助原则存在内在的张力以及在实践中存在操作性困境,也受到了很多质疑和挑战。

There has been a long history for development and evolvement of the principle of subsidiari- ty, of which the theoretical development and practical application are directly related to the Catholic social thoughts. The basic notion of subsidiarity is the following： Authorities should intervene only so as to provide support to people or organizations when these are unable to carry a specific task in their own. Meanwhile, higher levels of social and political （territorial） organization are only to do those things which lower levels cannot do well enough on their own. As for the field of the principle of sub- sidiarity, it has transformed from the social field to the national field and then expanded to the interna- tional field. As a normative principle, the principle of subsidiarity has offered a principle which can be used for reference for managing the relations among individual, social, national and supranational and the relations among the different levels inside these actors. Playing a more and more important role in contemporary politics, the principle of subsidiarity is also facing suspicion and challenges rooted in its internal tension and practical operation difficulties.