湿地保护区周边农户生态补偿意愿比较

Comparative studies on the farmers′ willingness to accept eco-compensation in wetlands nature reserve

湿地生态补偿研究一直是国内外学者们研究的热点和难点。运用问卷调查方法和统计学的多元回归模型,分析湿地保护区周边生态补偿机制中微观经济主体-农户的行为与选择的问题,确定农户的生态补偿意愿值,及影响农户生态补偿意愿的主要影响因素并做比较分析。以陕西朱鹮国家级自然保护区为例,应用条件价值法(CVM),计量了2008年和2011年朱鹮保护区周边社区农户的绿色水稻生态补偿意愿值,分别为:3560.56元/hm2和3679.83元/hm2;Logistic回归模型分析的结果表明,同时影响农户2008年和2011年生态补偿意愿的相同因素是水田面积占耕地总面积比重,另外影响显著的因素主要是家庭年均收入、是否有非农收入、农户生产区距离朱鹮保护区核心区的远近、水稻田由于保护朱鹮减产是否严重。研究结果表明:应以政府为主导,加大湿地生态补偿的力度并建立生态补偿的长效机制。对推进和落实我国湿地生态经济补偿机制,特别是为陕西朱鹮湿地保护区生态经济补偿机制的完善具有参考价值。

Wetlands are unique habitats formed in the interactions between water and land. As one of the most productive ecological systems with richest hiodiversity, it plays an irreplaceable role in the maintenance of ecological safety. Since the 1970s, wetland loss and degradation have sparked a series of environmental problems on a global scale, which have become a major threat to national or global sustainable development. Especially, rapid economic development combined with the lacks of wetland protection in China, have lead to serious imbalance between wetland protection and economic development. As a result of the above problems, decreased natural wetland and degradation of wetland function seem out of control. Now, wetland ecological compensation became more and more important because it is a choice for sustainable utilization of wetland resources. As an economic and policy means widely applied in developed countries, ecological compensation has been effectively used in the adjustment of natural resources conservation and resource utilization. Wetland ecological compensation study has always been a hot but difficult research spot. As an important ecological barrier in the western China, Crested ibis national Nature Reserve plays an important role in protection Crested ibis as well as its habitats. However, wetlands in Qinling Nature Reserve are typical ecological and environmental vulnerable zones. Excessive development and resource utilization makes the vulnerability of ecology and environment of this region increasing. It is necessary to take effective measures to develop a reasonable ecological compensation mechanism and policies for the coordination of ecological and economic development. As a basic unit in the implementation of ecological compensation, local farmers are key actors to give impetus to the ecological compensation. Understanding their willingness in cooperation and compensation is particularly important for improving farmers＇ ecological compensation enthusiasm, formulation and implementation of ecological compensation policies. Taking Crested ibis Nature Reserve in Shanxi Province as an example, this study applied Contingent Valuation Method （CVM） to measure ecological compensation amounts of rice loss of local farmers in 2008 and 2011. Firsthand information was collected through structured interview and questionnaire survey. Results indicate that the compensation amounts are, respectively,3560.56 yuan/hm^2 and 3679.83 yuan/hm^2. Logistic regression model analysis results show that the most important factor that affects farmers＇ willings of the ecological compensation is the ratio between paddy field and the total area of arable land. Besides, family annual average income, the presence of non-agricultural income, the distance from Crested ibis reserve and decrease amount of rice production because of Crested ibis protection. The results also indicate that the government should dominate the ecological compensation and develop long-term mechanism for ecological management. It is necessary to note that the current eco-compensation mechanism needs further improve. Additional actions are needed to maintain basic living standards of local farmers, such as investments into the processing industry and job training programs. This study provides principle guidelines for implementing eco-compensation across Crested ibis Nature Reserve as well as others. This study can be served as a start case for promoting wetland ecological compensation mechanism, especially for Shaanxi Crested ibis Nature Reserve.