新疆草地荒漠化过程及驱动因素分析

Analysis of desertification process and driving force factors in grassland ecosystem of Xinjiang

草地作为新疆生态环境的主体,其荒漠化的发生与发展关乎新疆的生态安全及生态环境质量。本研究通过对新疆草地生态系统分布规律、特征及利用现状的分析,从草地荒漠化过程及其与其他生态系统的相互关系入手,探讨自然因素和人为因素对草地荒漠化的影响。结果表明,1)新疆草地荒漠化过程分为两种类型,Ⅰ型为低山、平原荒漠类型草地的沙化、盐碱化和退化过程,Ⅱ型为山地草地类型的退化过程;2)在人类活动和水文环境变化的综合作用下,草地与耕地、沙地、林地、湿地和社区在荒漠化过程中可进行相互转化;3)地形地貌、气候和土壤等自然因素是草地荒漠化发展的背景条件,为草地荒漠化的发展提供了物质基础,气候变化是南疆和东疆盆地草地荒漠化的主要驱动因素之一;4)水资源不合理利用是各流域中下游草地荒漠化的主导因素,滥垦滥挖是绿洲周边草地荒漠化的直接导因,放牧场、割草场荒漠化的主要导因是长期超载、无序利用及草地建设投入严重不足。新疆草地荒漠化形成的驱动因素不仅具有多因素性、地域性的特点,而且具有交叉和叠加的综合特点和多营力综合作用特征。

The desertification area of Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region is the largest in China. The grassland ecosystem is the main ecosystem in Xinjiang. The occurrence and development of grassland desertification is related to ecological security and environmental quality of Xinjiang. The laws of distribution, characteristics and utilization in grassland ecosystem of Xinjiang were analyzed. The influence of nat- ural factors and human factors on grassland desertification was discussed by analyzing the process of grassland desertification and the relationship of grassland ecosystem between other ecosystems. The result showed.. （1） the type of desertification process was divided into 2 types. I type was the process of desertification, salinization and degradation of desert grassland in the zone of plain and low hill, and II type was the process of degradation in mountain grassland. （2） under the combined effect of human activities and the changes of hydrological environment on desertification, the grassland could transform into farmland, woodland, wetland, desert and community in the process of desertification. （3） the background of grassland desertification was the special topography, geomorphology, soil and climate. The natural factors provide the substance of desertification. The climate change was one of the main factors of desertification in the grassland of Southern Xinjiang and Eastern Xinjiang. （4） the unreasonable use of water resources was the main factor of desertification in the grassland of midstream and downstream. The reclamation and excavation grassland were the direct factors of desertification in the grassland around oasis. The long-term overgrazing and disorder grazing, low input of grassland management were the main factors of desertification in the pasture and mowing grassland. The driving force of grassland desertification has the characteristics of regionalism, multifactor and the desertification was the results of combined effect of natural factors and human activities.