成都平原周年耕作模式对稻茬小麦产量与品质性状的持续效应

Long-Lasting Effect of Year-Round Tillage Patterns on Yield and Grain Quality of Wheat in Chengdu Plain of China

【目的】小麦产量和品质性状除了受遗传因子控制外,还受到生态环境条件和耕作栽培措施等外部因子的影响。研究周年耕作模式对小麦产量和品质的持续效应可为优化区域耕作制度提供依据。【方法】基于2004年小麦秋播时建立的长期定位试验,研究成都平原稻麦轮作区耕作方式与秸秆还田两个因素的5种周年组合模式(麦免稻旋WZRR,麦免稻旋+秋菜WZRRV,麦稻双免WZRZ,麦稻双免垄作WRZB,周年旋耕无秸秆还田CK)对小麦生长发育、产量与品质性状的持续影响效应。【结果】所有耕作模式的小麦产量及产量构成因子在年际间均呈波动性变化,对照产量在多数年份都处于低值水平,7年平均较其它处理低3.0%—4.7%,随时间推延下降趋势明显,年均递减0.125 t.hm-2。所有处理的有效穗均无明显的时间变化趋势,但穗粒数下降趋势和千粒重上升趋势明显。7年平均,对照的有效穗显著低于其它处理,而穗粒数、单位面积粒数和千粒重在处理之间均无显著性差异。免耕与秸秆还田组合模式具有不同程度提高小麦主要生育阶段耕层土壤速效N、P、K含量和改善中后期个体与冠层质量的作用。WZRZ、WRZB处理的多数小麦品质性状与CK相当或略优,而WZRR、WZRRV处理有降低籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间的趋势。【结论】免耕与秸秆还田利于稳定小麦产量和改善耕地质量,尤以周年免耕秸秆全量还田模式最好。

[Objective] In order to optimize regional farming system, the long-lasting effect of year-round tillage patterns on wheat yield and quality traits was studied. [Method] A long-term field experiment under rice-wheat system was established at Guanghan county in Chengdu Plain of China in 2004 to investigate the long-lasting effect of year-round tillage patterns combing tillage and crop straw management on grain yield and quality of wheat. Treatments designed include no-tillage wheat with rice straw mulching ＋ rotary-tillage rice with no wheat straw （WZRR）, no-tillage wheat with rice straw mulching ＋ rotary-tillage rice with no wheat straw ＋ Autumn vegetable （WZRRV）, no-tillage wheat with rice straw mulching ＋ no-tillage rice with wheat straw mulching （WZRZ）, no-tillage wheat with rice straw mulching ＋ no-tillage rice with wheat straw mulching under raised-bed planting （WRZB）, and rotary-tillage wheat ＋ rotary-tillage rice without any straw （CK）. [Result] The results from 7-year duration showed： Undulating changes amongst years in grain yield and yield components for all treatments were observed while CK had lower yields in most years than other treatments with obvious decreasing trend. Obvious descending trend in grain number per spike and upswing in thousand-grain weight for all treatments were observed. All treatments excluding CK improved available N, P, and K content of up layer soil at major stages of wheat growth and the quality of individual plant and canopy at late stage. Most grain quality traits of wheat of WZRZ and WRZB were slightly higher than or same as that of CK but WZRR and WZRRV showed a downward trend in grain protein content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, and dough stability time.[ Conclusion] No tillage, crop straw retention and their year-round combinations could stable grain yield of wheat and improve soil fertility, with highlights in technological packages of both no tillage and straw retention for wheat and rice.