在封闭与开放之间:从清代巴县工商业经营权继替惯例对行会特性的理解

Between Closeness and Openness——An Understanding of Guild Characteristics from the Succession of Industrial and Commercial Management Right of Baxian County in Qing Dynasty

行会具有强烈的封闭性和排他性是百余年来中国行会史研究公认的事实。这里在既有研究基础上,通过对清代巴县(大致范围在今重庆市主城及周边地区)行会行规、官府与行会的关系,以及"牙贴"的顶补与世代相传、租佃、典当等工商业经营权继替形式的梳理,进一步加深对行会封闭性、排他性的理解;同时,可以发现通过"牙贴"顶补、租佃、典当等形式,行会经营权是可以流转的。因此,行会的封闭性、排他性是相对的。

It is a recognized fact in the historical study of China's guilds that guild has the characteristics of closeness and exclusiveness.Based on the previous researches,the writer of this article aims to deepen the understanding of the two characteristics by collating the relations among guild regulations,local authorities and guilds in Baxian County in Qing Dynasty(approximately the current area around Chongqing city proper and the nearby area) as well as the replacement in the form of "Yatie" and succession of industrial and commercial management rights.Meanwhile,the writer believes that the management right of guilds could be circulated through replacement in the form of "Yatie",tenancy or mortgage.Therefore,the closeness and exclusiveness of guild are relative.