部分权利能力制度的构建

局限于19世纪的哲学认识,权利能力仅被赋予自然人和法人,其他人和组织形态的权利能力被忽略。因而,当迫切需要法律对这些人和组织予以调整时,传统权利能力的规定成为不可逾越的体系障碍,必须通过法律续造的方法构建部分权利能力制度。事实上,民法关于权利能力制度的构造以及立法上的一些规定已经为部分权利能力的构建提供了坚实的理论基础和立法例支撑。部分权利能力是在部分而非全部的民事法律关系中作为民事权利享有者和义务承担者的能力,它通过考察自然人和法人以外的人和组织的人格状态和特定法律关系的价值和目的来认定。部分权利能力是一个开放的概念,它不但包括胎儿、死者与合伙的部分权利能力,还包括其他一些人和组织的部分权利能力。

Restricted by the philosophical knowledge of the 19th century, traditional capacity for rights was endowed to the natural person and the juridical person, and other human beings and organizations were ignored. However, with the development of the society, the protection to the fetus, deceased, partnership and so on is claimed. To respond to this claim, the judicial practice has put forward some resolutions. But all these resolutions have unconquerable systematic obstacles. In order to overcome these obstacles, we must construct the system of partial capacity for rights. Although the traditional civil law did not stipulate the partial capacity for rights, the rules of the general capacity for rights indeed does not exclude its possibility. Besides, the inner structure of the traditional capacity for rights has separated the model of reasonable person in philosophy by legislative technique, which makes the human beings and organizations other than the natural person and the juridical person be able to be the subject in partial legal relationships. Further more, the legislation about the protection of the fetus in our country and other countries have in fact recognized the partial capacity for rights. All these supply the basis for the construction of the system of partial capacity for rights. The partial capacity for rights is the capacity as the subject not for all but for partial legal relationships. The concrete content of the partial capacity for rights of the fetus, deceased, and partnership must be decided by their personality situations. The fetus can have the partial capacity for rights in the pure benefited legal relationships and the personality right legal relationships. The deceased can have the partial capacity for rights in the personality right legal relationships. And the partnership can have the partial capacity for rights in the external legal relationships. The partial capacity for rights is an open concept. Except for the above three types, other forms of human beings and organizations also have the possibility to have the partial capacity for rights.