荷兰为何会拒绝违宪审查——基于历史的考察和反思

Why Does the Netherlands Reject Constitutional Review:A Historical Perspective

荷兰现行宪法第120条明确禁止法院对议会的法律进行违宪审查,被称为西方世界抵制违宪审查的"最后堡垒"。然而,这一规定并非没有争议。自1848年以来,荷兰国内围绕违宪审查展开了长达160多年的争论。特别是1980年代以后,荷兰法院频频依据宪法第94条对国内法进行"条约审查"的做法使得这种争论变得更加复杂。为什么荷兰人允许法院进行"条约审查"却不允许法院进行违宪审查?这需要从荷兰人特殊的法律观、特殊的宪法、以"波德模式"为核心的国家治理模式以及国际法的影响等方面予以考察。荷兰的经验表明,人权保护是世界各国的共同任务,但为了保护人权而允许司法进行违宪审查却并非普世且不可替代的真理。为了实现保护人权和维护法律秩序统一和谐这两个目标,每个国家应当在尊重本国国情的基础上进行制度设计。

As the section 120 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands states, ＂The constitutionality of Acts of Parliament and treaties shall not be reviewed by the courts＂, the Netherlands has become the last liberal democracy the judiciary in the West world. However, constitutional review ag is ainst constitutional review by not entirely absent from the Dutch constitutional framework and legal system. The debates on constitutional review have never ceased. Since constitutional amendments in 1848, the Dutch judicial authorities not only have the power to review the constitutionality of the secondary legislation, e.g. delegated legislation, mu- nicipal byelaws and provincial byelaws, but also can review all of the Dutch legislations, including the Dutch Constitution, if the statutes are ＂in conflict with provisions of treaties that are binding on all persons or in conflict with resolutions 94 of the Constitution. Why the Netherlands adopted by international institutions＂, as the section accepts the ＂treaty review＂ but rejects ＂constitution- al review＂？ The answer will be found in the special concept of law and particular constitution of Dutch, ＂Polder Model＂ and the influence of international law, etc. What we can learn from Dutch experience is constitutional review is not the only way ment of the mechanism of protection of human rights of each circumstance to protect human rights, the develop- country should based on its specific