参与空间科学与应用操作的航天员职责

The Role of Astronauts Participating in Space Scientific and Application Operation in Manned Space Missions

在分析美国和苏联/俄罗斯主要载人航天任务中航天员职责和飞行乘组分工的基础上,归纳各类参与空间科学与应用操作航天员(科学家-航天员、研究航天员、任务专家、科学官员)的职责,并重点阐述载荷专家作为非职业航天员参与飞行的相关情况。针对我国载人航天任务发展现状,结合我国空间站空间科学和应用任务对航天员的飞行操作需求,提出对我国载人空间站航天员乘组中从事空间科学与应用操作岗位职责的建议。

Based on the analysis of the roles and duties of the astronauts/cosmonauts and crew members in manned space missions of the United States and former Soviet Union, the roles of different kinds of astronauts/cosmonauts, namely, the scientist-astronauts, research-cosmonauts, mission specialists, and science officers, who participated in the scientific and application operations are summarized, with special attention on the payload specialists who worked as non-professional astronauts. With the development of China＇s Manned Space Engineering, the roles and duties of China＇s manned space station mission crew members are identified to satisfy the operation requirements.