英汉交际中的语用失误类型及其图式论解释

Types of Pragmatic Failure in English-Chinese Communication and their Interpretation from the Perspective of Schema Theory

在英汉交际中,相关的语言和文化因素作为信息不断出现在大脑中,以模式最终成为图式储存在大脑的长久记忆之中,形成语用规约。来自不同文化的人因为不同的本土文化图式而遵循不同的语用规约,在交际中激活的本土文化图式可能有悖于异国文化,相互冲突就会使语言使用在特定的语境里显得不得体,造成语用失误。从图式理论的角度出发,英汉交际中的社交语用失误可分为言语行为方式、面子、礼貌、顺应、隐含意义、语类、语境等类型。洞察英汉认知图式的巨大差异,有助于减少、避免语用失误的产生,促进交际的顺利进行。

In English-Chinese cultural communication, some relevant languages and cultural factors emerge as information in the brain, gradually forming schemata in long-term memories, eventually established as pragmatic conventions. People from different cultures follow different pragmatic conventions because of different local cultural schemata, and their local culture schemata activated may be contrary to the foreign ones, conflicting with each other so that the language used in certain contexts is inappropriate, resulting in pragmatic failure. From the perspective of Schema Theory, sociopragmatic failures in English-Chinese communication can be roughly categorized into seven types in speech act, face, politeness, adaptation, implicitness, genre and context. Getting insight into their remarkable cognitive schematic differences helps to reduce and avoid pragmatic failure, promoting effective communication.