马尔库塞的审美乌托邦

Marcuse's Aesthetic Utopia

在马尔库塞的美学思想中,文学艺术是作为现实对立面被建构起来的,它处在与现实相异在的虚构世界。文学艺术作品的结构,是由肯定现实存在与控诉现实存在之间的相互作用,以及艺术意识形态与艺术真理之间的相互作用构成的,这种悖论式关系恰恰最为有效地包孕着政治潜能。文学艺术的审美形式是感性形式,它由感性秩序构成;文学艺术就是以此对抗现实秩序,培植新感性,而这正是社会解放的起点。审美形式具有双重性:商品化与抵制商品化。作为一种形式,它为文学艺术设定形态,赋予可复制性和特定的价值,使它无奈地沦为商品;而另一方面,审美形式又让文学艺术获得自律性来抵制商品化。

Literature and art, which is in a virtual world different from the reality, is constructed as the opposition of the reality in Marcuse's aesthetics theory. The structure of literature and artistic works are constructed by the mutual functions between reality affirmation and accusation as well as the mutual functions between artistic ideology and truth, this contrary relation just can cover political potential most effectively. The aesthetic form of literature and art, which is the sensitive form, consists of sensitive order. Based on this, literature and art is against reality order, cultivates new sensibility, which is the starting point of social liberation. The aesthetic form has duality, which is commercialization and commercialization resistance. As a form, the aesthetic form sets the form for literature and art, entrusts reproducibility and?particular value, and makes it become a commodity. On the other hand, the aesthetic form makes literature and art obtain self-discipline to resist commercialization.