美国大、小商业银行资本监管差异化分析

The Differentiated Capital Regulations on American Larger and Smaller Commercial Banks

差异化监管是银行业差异化发展的客观需要。以美国1980年以来大、小银行差异化资本监管为研究对象,按照一定的时间和内在逻辑规律将其概括为三个阶段,即为小银行设立较高的资本充足率要求;逐步放宽对小银行的资本要求;加大大银行不同类风险的资本要求,这一差异化资本监管过程的演进符合不同阶段不同规模银行所表现出的风险特征。同时,对不同规模银行资本监管的差异也可作为调节不同规模银行盈利水平和收入结构的一种手段,促进整个银行业市场的良性竞争。

Differentiation of regulations is the essential to the differentiated development of commercial banking. American differentiated capital regulations on larger and smaller commercial banks from 1980s can be summed up into three stages： setting higher capital adequacy ratio to smaller ones; reducing the capital requirement on the smaller; increasing capital regulations on different kinds of risk for the large ones. The gradual progress of differentiated capital regulations is fit to the risk characteristics of different size banks in different stages. Meanwhile, the differentiated capital regulations are also the means of adjusting earning level and income structure of different size banks, in order to boost the optimum competition in banking industry.