摘要
哺乳动物大脑皮层内的神经环路在神经发育、学习记忆、神经和精神疾病过程中表现出令人惊异的结构和功能可塑性。随着新的成像技术及分子生物学方法的应用,在细胞和突触水平上观察活体皮层内神经环路的动态结构变化成为可能,因此近十年来有关活动依赖的神经环路结构可塑性方面的研究进展迅速。该文综述了该方面的部分实验结果,重点阐述个体生长发育、丰富环境、感觉剥夺、病理状态以及学习和记忆等过程和条件下树突的结构可塑性特点,尤其是树突棘的形态和数量变化特征;并简单介绍轴突的结构可塑性,以及结构可塑性相关的分子和细胞机制,最后提出未来该领域内亟待解决的问题。
Neural circuits of mammalian cerebral cortex have exhibited amazing abilities of structural and functional plasticity in development, learning and memory, neurological and psychiatric diseases. With the new imaging techniques and the application of molecular biology methods, observation neural circuits＇ structural dynamics within the cortex in vivo at the cellular and synaptic level was possible, so there were many great progresses in the field of the activity-dependent structural plasticity over the past decade. This paper reviewed some of the aspects of the experimental results, focused on the characteristics of dendritic structural plasticity in individual growth and development, rich environment, sensory deprivation, and pathological conditions, as well as learning and memory, especially the dynamics of dendritic spines on morphology and quantity; after that, we introduced axonal structural plasticity, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of structural plasticity, and proposed some future problems to be solved at last.
基金
国家自然科学基金杰出青年基金(08Q1011001)
中国科学院百人计划(08B1021001)
武汉光电国家实验室创新基金(Z08004)
中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所重点资助项目(08K1011001)
关键词
神经环路
可塑性
成像技术
生长发育
丰富环境
感觉剥夺
病理状态
学习和记忆
树突的结构可塑性
树突棘
轴突的结构可塑性
分子和细胞机制
Neural circuits
Plasticity
Imaging techniques
Growth and development
Rich environment
Sensory deprivation
Pathological conditions
Learning and memory
Dendritic structural plasticity
Dendritic spine
Axonal structural plasticity
Molecular and cellular mechanism
