形容词的类型学和汉语形容词的语法地位

Typology of Adjective and the Grammatical Status of Adjective in Mandarin Chinese

汉语形容词的语法性质历来有很大争议。本文从类型学视角,根据充当定语和谓语有无标记的标准,确定属性义词是饰词性的还是谓词性的,并对世界上72种语言的属性义词进行考察,归纳出属性义词的语法性质的五种类型。其中,汉语属于第四种类型,即属性义词有三类:a谓词性的,b饰词性的,c兼有饰词性和谓词性。针对汉语属性义词的语法性质,最好的划类方案是把a、c划为形容词,把b划为区别词。在此基础上,本文从实体和属性二分的角度提出语义类与词类的原型对应。程度性和恒常性的强弱是恒常属性词编码为谓词还是饰词的主要相关因素,不同语言的差异主要表现在对恒常属性词的处理上。

There has been differing opinions in terms of the grammatical nature of Chinese adjectives. The goal of this paper is to identify property words as modificative or predica- tive from a typological.perspective. Property words of 72 languages in the world are inves- tigated according to the criteria of being marked or unmarked when functioning as attrib- ute or predicate,and five types of grammatical nature of Property words are differentiated. Chinese Property words belong to the fourth type. Namely Chinese Property words can be classified into three types ： a. predicative, b. modificative, c. both modificative and predicative. The best solution in the light of Chinese property words is to classify a. and c. as adjec- tive,and classify c. as attributive. On the bases of the above analysis,the idea of correspon- dence between semantic categories and prototypes of parts of speech is suggested from the binary divergence of substance and property. The strength of degree and constancy is the main factor of coding constant property words as predicate or modifier,and the difference between languages mainly manifests in the processing of constant property words.