论日本幕末利益格局失衡下的社会矛盾——兼及明治维新发生的内在原因

The Social Contradictions within the Unbalanced Interests Structure at the End of Shogunate Period in Japan——The Intrinsic Causes of the Meiji Restoration

幕府统治末期的日本,由于社会经济的转型和欧美资本主义列强的威胁,引发社会矛盾逐渐尖锐,最终达到表面冲突的激烈形式。封建统治与人民大众的矛盾始终存在,并呈现更加激化的趋势。武士集团内部矛盾重重,森严的封建等级制,加上武士在商品货币经济冲击下日趋贫困,引起了下级武士对领主乃至这一制度的强烈不满。开国以后民族矛盾上升的忧患中,被卷入商品经济的社会各阶层之间利益矛盾交织,特权商人与普通商人之间的矛盾,对外贸易中的市场矛盾,日益贫困的农民与商人、豪农之间的矛盾尖锐与激化,"国诉"、"改造世道运动"等此起彼伏,导致幕府统治摇摇欲坠。最终促成明治维新的发生。

In the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate reign threat from occident capitalist powers, social clashes emerged in Japan, with economic transformation and the and gradually escalated into the violent conflicts between different social groups. The contradiction between the feudalist ruling class and the general public e- ventually became uncontrollable. As the dominant group, the samurai class itself was beset with internal trou- bles. The rigid feudal hierarchy and the increasingly impoverished situation in the commodity and monetary e- conomy triggered their strong dissatisfaction with the samurai system, especially from those at subordinate posi- t.ions. The increasing misery after the establishment of the state intensified interest struggles among people of all ranks, for example, the conflict between the privileged merchants and the ordinary ones, and that between the poor peasants and wealthy farmers. In addition, the ＂National lawsuit＂ （local merchant＇s lawsuit against the ruler） and the ＂reforming movement＂ （social rule reform movement for farmers） started popping up every- where. As a result, the Shognnate reign was on the verge of collapse, which eventually gave birth to the Meiji Restoration.