宗族与性别:土家族招婿婚姻的变迁逻辑——以湖北省恩施州A村为例

Religion and Gender: Changes of Tujia's Matrilocal Marriage

土家族招婿婚姻在几百年的历史中发生了巨大的变迁,导致其变迁的内在动力是宗族及其支配下的社会性别关系。在改土归流前,以女系血胤和女系财产继承为实质、以从妻居为表现形式的招婿婚姻具有一定的礼俗地位,并在土家族社会普遍发生;改土归流后,男系血胤和男系财产继承成为牢不可破的村落文化规则,招婿婚姻的数量下降,礼俗地位下滑;21世纪以来,婚姻市场上的"男多女少"格局巩固了土家族男女平等的性别文化,宗族认同也在市场经济的冲击下日渐衰落,招婿婚姻重新获得了生存空间并迅速崛起。

In the past several hundreds of years, there have been dramatic changes in Tujia＇ s matrilocal marriage induced by the clan＇ s influence and the relevant gender relations. Before the power shift from the local Tusi chieftains to Han official in the Yongzheng Period, Tujia＇ s matrilocal marriage based on the matrilineal inheritance was popular and important in the Tujia society. After the power shift from the local Tusi chieftains to Han official, the patrilineal inheritance became established in Tujia culture while Tujia＇ s matrilo- cal marriage became much less popular. Since the 21st century, the fact that there are more males and females in Tujia society has con- solidated Tujia gender culture with equal fights between men and women and with the declining influence of the clan identity under the impact of the market economy and as a result Tujia＇ s matrilocal marriage has resumed its position and development.