功能丧失与制度异化:武举制度变迁的动因与启示

Loss of Function and System Alienation:Motivation and Inspiration of Imperial Examinations for Choosing Military Officers System Change

以文献资料和逻辑分析为主要方法,对武举制度变迁的社会动因进行研究,认为:我国的武举制度自唐代创立后经历了宋、明至清始终处于"文治"的范畴之内,作为文举制度的组成部分,武举始终未能摆脱"劳心者治人,劳力者治于人"的境遇;研究进一步认为推动武举制度从诞生到废止的社会因素有三个方面:1)统治阶层维护政权以及战争对武术和军事人才的需要使武举制度得以诞生并延续;2)统治阶层始终存在着"尚武"与"禁武"之矛盾,这在一定程度上遏制了"尚武精神"的扩布;3)武术在戍边卫国维护政权稳定上功能的丧失是武举制度消亡的根源所在。

Through the main methods of logical analysis and the literature, this paper studyies the social motivations of the change of the imperial examination for choosing military officers. The author thinks that the developing process of the imperial military examination system from the creation in Tang dynasty, to Song dynasty and Ming dynasty, until the abolishment in Qing dy- nasty, was in the charge of civil administration. As part of the imperial examination system, the imperial military examination system had been unable to get out of ＂mental labors govern while manual labors are governed＂. Three social factors causeed the the creation and the abolishment of the imperial military examination system： 1 ） Ruling class maintaining the regime and the needs of the tanlents on the martial arts and military in wars caused the the birth and the continuation of the imperial military examination system. 2）The contradiction between ＂militarism＂ and ＂non-- militarism＂ among the ruling class had curbed the spreading of the ＂martial spirit＂ to a certain ex- tent. The loss of function of martial arts in defending the country and maintaining political stabili- ty was the basic causes of the extinction of the imperial military examination system.