《孔雀明王经》文本的形成与密教化

Shaping and Tantricization of the Text of The Scripture of Mahā-mayūrī-vidyā-rājan

佛教经典文本不仅是佛教义理、思想的载体,还包含着佛教发展历史的信息和线索,应引起佛教史研究者的更多关注。将新疆库车佛塔出土鲍威尔写本中《孔雀明王经》的文本与现存《孔雀明王经》各文本内容进行比较研究,可以看出,《孔雀明王经》现存文本的来源是由一个较小的核心文本发展而来。这个核心文本最初是由佛教两个本生故事,即比丘被蛇咬故事和孔雀王故事结合而成。写成于4世纪的鲍威尔写本中保留了这个最早的核心文本。随后《孔雀明王经》从较小的核心文本逐渐扩展成为内容丰富繁杂、仪轨详备的《佛母大金曜孔雀明王经》。这一文本扩展过程从细节上生动地再现了密教的形成发展及其在中国的传播。

The text of Buddhist classics carries not only Buddhist thoughts and principles but also information and clues of the history of Buddhist development, which deserves more concern from Buddhist historians. A comparative study of Powell＇ s written version of The Scripture of Maha-mayurt-vidya-rajan unearthed in the Buddhist Pagoda in Kaqa of Xinjiang with the existing versions shows that the existing version of The Scripture of Maha-mayurt-vidya-rajanwas developed based on a smaller-size core text. The core text was a combination of two Bunsen stories, that is, the story of Buddha＇ s being bitten by the snake and that of Peacock King, which were retained in Powell＇ s version written in the 4th century. Later, based on this smaller-size text, The scripture gradually extended into The Scripture of Maha-mayurt-vidya-rajan with abundant and miscellaneous content and detailed and complete ceremonies and proprieties. This process of extension vividly reproduced the shaping and development of Vajrayana and its dissemination in China.