论船东作为海上侵权责任主体的合一与分离

On shipowner as executive subject of tort on sea's combination and separation

船东是海上侵权案件中最重要的责任主体。海上侵权行为同时具有民法上一般侵权行为和海商法上特殊侵权行为的特征。船东可能直接实施海上侵权而承担自己责任,也可能因其受雇人员侵权而承担替代责任。海上侵权法律关系责任主体与加害主体的合一与分离符合海上侵权行为法的发展趋势。过错责任制已不适应现代船舶侵权责任的客观要求,不应作为一项普遍性的归责原则和责任构成要件。对其研究有助于深入剖析不同种类的船东责任,构建更具针对性的法律制度。

The shipowner is the most important liable party in maritime torts.Maritime torts have the characteristics of both a general tort in civil law and a special tort in maritime law.The shipowner might take vicarious liability due to the tort acts of his employees as well as self liability for his own wrongdoings.This is the theory of unity and separation of liable subjects in maritime torts,which is in conformity with the modern trend.Fault liability principle is not suitable for the reality of ship torts and should no longer be assumed as a general criterion of liability.This study helps deep analysis of varieties of shipowner liabilities and the creation of more directed rules.