意识形态批判与历史唯物主义——俞吾金先生《意识形态论》的启示

The Critique of Ideology and Historical Materialism——Reading Yu Wujin's On Ideology

基于俞吾金先生《意识形态论》的启示,本文认为马克思主义的历史唯物主义与其意识形态理论始终是同一过程的两个侧面。马克思在早期通过对宗教拜物教、费尔巴哈的类本质拜物教和黑格尔的概念拜物教的批判,揭开了笼罩在历史现实之上的虚幻面纱,为历史唯物主义的创立提供了真实的历史前提。历史唯物主义创立之后,马克思从对宗教和形而上学的批判转向对现代资本主义社会的批判,通过对商品拜物教、金钱拜物教、资本拜物教的批判,历史唯物主义转变为现代性诊断和批判理论,因而使历史唯物主义的实质内容得以真正的展开。马克思逝世之后,历史唯物主义一度被曲解为庸俗进化论或实证社会学,意识形态问题也随之边缘化。从卢卡奇到哈贝马斯的西方马克思主义传统,在批判实证主义的基础上恢复了意识形态理论在历史唯物主义中的核心地位。当代马克思主义者提出的制度拜物教、生产拜物教和技术拜物教理论不仅丰富了马克思的意识形态理论,也丰富和发展了历史唯物主义。

Based on the illuminations of Mr.Yu Wujin’s book On Ideology,this paper argues that Marxist historical materialism and its theory of ideology are two sides of the same process.By the critique of religious fetishism,Ludwig Feuerbach’s fetishism of spies-existence and Hegel’s fetishism of concept,young Marx unveiled illusions covering historical reality and provided true premise for the establishment of historical materialism.Then,Marx transformed historical materialism into the diagnosis and social critique of capitalism.By criticizing three kinds of fetishism — commodity,money and capital,historical materialism has got its substantial development.After Marx died,the problem of ideology once was marginalized in Marxist tradition because the mainstream of Marxism misconstrued historical materialism as a vulgar theory of linear evolution of history or positivist sociology.The tradition of Western Marxism from Lukacs to Habermas has recovered the core role of the concept ＂ideology＂ and developed historical materialism further by critique of fetishism of social institution,production,and science technology.