“田猎”与“校猎”:秦汉官方狩猎活动的性质变化

“Tian Lie” and “Xiao Lie”: The Change of the Nature of Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty’s Official Hunting

从甲骨卜辞可以看出,以田猎为代表的官方狩猎活动起源很早;秦代简牍则表明官方狩猎在当时已经形成了较为完备的制度;而汉代文献的记载表明,在秦汉之际官方狩猎活动的性质发生了重大变化。以"田"命名的田猎起源于狩猎这一生产方式。但随着生产力的发展以及战争的频繁,官方狩猎活动的性质在秦汉时期转变为以军礼与军事训练为主。其中,军礼的性质逐渐仪式化,而军事训练与考核的性质则作为本质被不断强化。

Oracle inscriptions indicate that the official hunting represented by 'Tian Lie' (field hunting) originated very early. The bamboo and wooden slips of Qin dynasty show that official hunting had formed into a complete system in Qin dynasty. But the documents of Han dynasty imply that the nature of official hunting had changed greatly on the transition from Qin to Han. 'Tian Lie' named after 'field' in Chinese originated from hunting, a production mode. Official hunting became a mainly military etiquette and military training with the development of productivity and frequently happened wars during the transitional period of Qin and Han. But the nature of military etiquette was gradually ceremonialized while the nature of military training and examination were enhanced as its essence.