国际碳交易法律规范的软法性研究

On the Soft Law Characteristics of the Current International Carbon Trading Norms

国际碳交易法律规则存在非统一性和非完整性,在其法律效力上表现出软法性。它在适用上具有易于妥协、促成更广泛、更有效的深层次国际合作等优势,但也具有不利于国际碳交易可持续发展的阻碍作用。其直接原因在于为减缓、适应、资金和技术等四大主题谈判中因"共同但有区别的责任"的不同解释所引发的矛盾,内在表现为该软法制定者背后的政治博弈与利益较量;外在表现为目前国际社会达成的具有强制性的碳交易的法律条约数量较少、国际原则和国际习惯法发展的态势明显、替代性的可操作的法律制度和机制增多但强制力都较弱等。因此,必须强化国际碳交易法律规则的规范化,实现软法的规范之治。

Laws and terms governing today＇s international carbon trading are non-uniform and only non- integrated, making them soft laws in binding power. Their application conduces to compromise and facilitates more effective and deeper international cooperation. But the norms＇ softness also hinders the sustainability of international carbon trading. The most direct reason for hindrance stems from conflicts arising from the different interpretation for ＂common but differentiated responsibilities＂ in the negotiations over mitigation, adaptation, technology and capital. The problem is exposed most explicitly in the political struggle and benefit wrangling among these soft law makers. Mandatory and legally binding treaties governing carbon trading are scarce in today＇s world while principles, customary practices and operational mechanisms that have weak binding power are on the rise. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the standardization and the enforceability of the norms and soft laws relevant to international carbon trading.