自由的捍卫者与自由的敌人——解读以赛亚·伯林对卢梭自由观的批判

The Defender and Enemy of Freedom——An Analysis of Isaiah Berlin's Critique of Rousseau's View of Freedom

卢梭是法国启蒙运动的领军人物之一。就体现卢梭本人的思想深度和对人类文明的影响而言,其代表作首推《社会契约论》一书。因该书对自由的推崇和旗帜鲜明的论述,卢梭被称为"自由的奠基人"而入葬法国先贤祠。以赛亚·伯林作为上个世纪英国最著名的自由主义思想家,其学术成就主要体现在对启蒙运动以来的思想史,特别是自由主义思想史的系统批判性研究中。以赛亚·伯林对卢梭的自由观进行了深入的批判,将其称之为自由的敌人。我们通过解读这一批判,可以看到不同时代的两位思想家对自由的不同认识,进而描绘出人类对自由的认识从近代到当代的演变轨迹。

Rousseau is one of leaders of the French Enlightenment. The Social Contract is Rousseau＇s most important work for its deep insight and great influence on the human civilization. For the praise of freedom and the strong voice reflected in this book, Rousseau was called the founder of freedom and buried in the French Pantheon. Isaiah Berlin is one of the most famous liberal thinkers in the last century. Berlin＇s academic achievements are mainly reflected in his systematic and critical research in the intellectual history after the Enlightenment, especially the intellectual history of the liberalism. Berlin deeply criticized Rousseau＇s views of freedom, calling them the enemy of freedom. By analyzing his critique, we can see the two thinkers＇ different understandings of freedom at different times, and in turn to trace out, from the modern times to the contemporary age, the evolvement track of people＇s understanding of human freedom.