国家认同:土司研究的新视角

National Identity:New Perspective into Tusi Research

土司是元明清等朝利用少数民族首领代表国家对民族地区和少数民族进行间接统治的产物,研究我国历史和民族史的土司问题应以国家存在为前提。中央政府与民族地区和少数民族通过土司制度实现有效的双向互动,历代土司逐渐形成强烈的国家认同观念。在封建王朝强调的治统一贯中,历代土司促进了少数民族的"内化"、民族地区的"内地化"和政治一体化;在封建王朝推进的文化共享中,历代土司通过文化交流和兴学启智促进了中华文化"多元一体"进程和文化认同;在封建王朝推进的民族一体中,历代土司通过政治、经济和军事等活动参与并推进了中华民族"多元一体"进程和民族认同。

Tusi, leaders of the ethnic minority groups, were employed by the governments of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties for indirect governance over these groups and related areas. Research on the problems about Tusi in Chinese history and ethnic minority group history, the presence of the country should be the precondition. The central governments interact with ethic minority groups in those areas through Tusi system. Thus, the Tusi formed gradually strong national identity. With the emphasis on governance by feudal dynasties, the Tusi of successive dynasties promoted the internalization of ethnic minority grouos and minority area and political integration. In the cultural share movement promoted by feudal dynasties, Tusi of successive dynasties promoted the process of Chinese cultural multi-integration and cultural identity by way of cultural communication, development of education and inspiration of intelligence. In the ethnic minority group integration promoted by feudal dynasties, Tusi of successive dynasties participated and promoted the multi - integration process for Chinese people and ethnic minority group identity by way of political, economic and military activities.