“十一五”国审水稻新品种特征特性分析

Character Analysis of China National Authorized Rice Varieties During the Eleventh Five-year Plan

为了分析水稻新品种的主要特性及存在的问题,为今后制订水稻品种改良策略提供理论依据,应用归纳统计的方法,对"十一五"期间国家审定的288份水稻新品种进行特征性状统计分析、不育系的配组分析及品质、抗性分析。结果显示,6个生态类型的水稻品种间形态差异比较大,其产量相关性状与产量的相关性也有较大差别;长江中下游单季稻生育期长和较大穗形是其高产的重要因素,在其现有穗型大的基础上,适当增加有效穗数可进一步提高产量;长江中下游早稻和北方粳稻的有效穗数最多,进一步增产应在稳定其较多有效穗数的基础上增加单穗粒数。北方粳稻和南方双季晚籼稻品质较好,而双季早稻的垩白粒率较高,具有较大的改良空间。国审水稻品种对稻瘟病的抗性较好,而对稻飞虱抗性普遍较差,因此,在今后水稻新品种培育中,在稳定提高稻瘟病抗性育种的同时,应重点加强稻飞虱的抗性育种。优秀不育系在杂交稻选育中发挥了重要作用,除了Ⅱ-32A、‘协青早A’等一批老不育系仍然大量应用外,‘天丰A’、‘五丰A’、‘川香A’等一批新的强优势的不育系脱颖而出。两系杂交稻由于‘株1S’、‘准S’等一批实用光温敏两用核不育系选育与应用,对推动中国"十一五"水稻育种进步发挥了重要作用。

In order to analyze the main characteristics and existing problems of new rice varieties, and to provide the theory strategy for future rice varieties improvement, characteristics such as agronomic traits, quality and resistance of 288 Chinese newly national authorized rice varieties （including 183 hybridization indica rice, 105 japonica rice） during the Eleventh Five-year Plan were statistically analyzed. Rice morphology as well as the correlation between yield and yield related traits exhibited considerable differences among six ecological rice types. Long growth duration and large panicles were the major factors for high yield in single season rice along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, further yield increment could be achieved by increasing reproductive panicles on the basis of large panicles. For early rice along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Japonica rice in North China which had the most reproductive tillers, further yield increase should be the increment of spikelets per panicle. Japonica rice from North China and late-season indica rice had comparably better rice quality, while early season indica rice contained higher chalky rate. The entire 288 nation authorized rice varieties showed acceptable high resistance to rice blast while the resistance to rice planthopper was generally low, improvement of resistance to rice planthopper should be the focus in further rice breeding works. Outstanding male sterile lines played an important role in hybrid rice breeding. In addition to some previously bred superior lines like I1-32A, ＇Xieqinzao A＇ etc, which were still widely used, newly bred promising A lines like ＇Tianfeng A＇, ＇Wufeng A＇, ＇Chuan Xiang A＇ etc, also showed actively themselves. Two line hybrids thrived due to the application of a number of practical PGMS and TGMS lines, which were an important contribution in promoting rice breeding during the Eleven Five-year Plan.