深圳湾近30年主要景观类型之演变

Dynamics of the Main Landscape Types at Shenzhen Bay during Past Three Decades

将深圳特区城市化过程划分为城市化初期、发展期、加速期和后期4个阶段,借助不同时期的遥感图像,包括1979年的MSS,1989、1998、2003、2009的TM,采用景观分类、景观转移和景观指数分析等一系列技术方法,分析了深圳湾地区基围、红树林和滩涂3种湿地景观类型的动态特征变化。结果表明:①深圳湾景观类型丰富,有较高多样性,但不同类型所占面积差异较大。人为干扰是深圳湾景观格局和景观类型发生改变的主要因素,围垦填海和城市建设严重破坏了深圳湾滨海湿地,海岸线不断向浅海延伸。②从1979年至2009年的30年间,研究区的城市建成区面积从508.95 hm2增加到2 072.52 hm2,最大斑块面积指数从2.94%增加到17.55%;③基围景观受人为干扰最严重,其面积在城市化初期表现为增长的趋势,1989年在景观中所占的比例达到了最高峰时的7.72%,此后城市化速度的加快使得基围景观逐渐演变为建成区或其他景观类型,且斑块形状趋于规则,由非正方形的形状趋于偏向正方形。在城市化的后两个阶段,基围景观发生转入和转出的斑块数量都很少,主要分布在进行了几次大规模围海工程的南山区;④城市化的前两个阶段红树林总面积持续减少,1998年后开始恢复增长,面积由52.65 hm2增加到2009年的81 hm2。景观指数分析表明,红树林景观没有趋于破碎化,反而形成了较大的景观斑块,景观连通性增加,保护区的建立对红树林的保护起着重要作用;⑤滩涂景观在过去30年间呈现较大幅度的波动和反复性,总的来说,面积从1979年的634.5 hm2减少至2009年的377.28 hm2,景观趋于破碎化,稳定性下降。

Shenzhen Special Economic Zone （SEZ） was established as a model city in 1979 and it has become a modem industrialization urban during the past three decades. The rapid urbanization has a significant effect on the landscape, and Shenzhen Bay is a typical example. In this paper, the urbanization process in Shenzhen special zone was divided into four stages： early urbanization phase, developed ur banization phase, accelerated urbanization phase and later urbanization phase. Based on five periods of remote sensing data located at Shenzhen Bay, including MSS in 1979, and TM in 1989, 1998, 2003, 2009, respectively the dynamic characteristic of three main wetland landscape types, Gei Wei, Man grove and Intertidal Zone in Shenzhen Bay, was analyzed with a series of techniques including landscape classification, landscape transfer and landscape index analysis. The software platforms including ERDAS IMAGINR, ARCGIS and FRAGSTATS. The results are as followed： （1） There are higher diversity land scape types at Shenzhen Bay, while the area of different landscape type varied greatly. Human disturb ance is a major factor in the change of landscape pattern of Shenzhen Bay, the reclamation work projects and urban construction had seriously destroyed the coastal wetlands, the coastline of the Shenzhen Bay al so had extended to the shallow water. （2） During the past three decades, the builtup area increased from 508.95 hm2 to 2 072.52 hm2, accordingly the largest patch area index increased from 2. 94 % to 17.55 %. （3） Gei Wei suffered the greatest human disturbance, its cover area increased in the early urbaniza tion phase. Its proportion was 7.72 % in 1989, the highest value during the past three decades. With the acceleration of urbanization, Gei Wei gradually evolved into builtup areas or other landscape types with the patch shape turn regular. In the last two phases, Gel Wei maintained at a low level of the move in or out and mainly occurred in Nanshan District where several largescale reclamation work projects pro ceeded. （4） The total mangrove area decreased constantly in the first two phases of urbanization, but be gan to increase after 1998, with 52.65 hm2 of area to 81 hm2 in 2009. Landscape index analysis showed that the mangrove landscape did not become fragmented, but shaped larger landscape patches and the landscape connectivity increased. （6） There was a relatively large fluctuation and iterancy for intertidal zone in the past three decades, with the area reduced from 634. 5 hm2 in 1979 to 377.28 hm2 in 2009, and the fragmentation increased with the stability declined