论清代秘密社会治理——以刘坤一治理会党策略为中心

Towards the Relationship between Liu Kunyi and Secret Societies

刘坤一作为湘军要员,在太平天国、甲午战争、戊戌变法和义和团运动时期,他积极为清政府如何治理会党出谋划策。随着曾国藩、曾国荃等湘系大佬逐渐淡出政治舞台后,为了平衡湘淮两系实力,刘更是成为湘军首脑、清政府的柱石,因而他的策略具有一定的代表性。总体上来说,他的策略与其他统治者尤其是曾国藩有相似的地方,但某些方面发生了一些微妙的变化。他主张首从区别对待,剿抚并用,强化保甲制度,妥善处理流民问题,实行文化控制,重奖剿灭会党有功人员。这些主张体现了刘作为封疆大吏的政治智慧,对维持清朝统治起到一定效果,但由于认识的局限他无法提出从根本上消灭会党的策略。

Liu Kunyi ,who tried his best to help Qing Government eradicate Secret Societies, was the most famous leader in Hunan Army during late Qing Dynasty. In view of his special status, we study his policy for dealing with Secret Societies to discover the rules of Qing Government＇ s strategy. In general, Liu＇ s policy was similar with Zeng guofan＇ s. The difference between them tell us the change in Qing Government＇ s strategy. What＇ s more, Liu, as the successor of Zeng, managed Secret Societies more neatly.