后现代主义的主体悖论:福柯的“陷阱”与德里达的“替补”

Paradox of Subject in Postmodernism:Foucault's "Trap" and Derrida's "Supplement"

后现代主义在主体理论(即人学)上面临着悖论,就是主体的自由既受各种外部权力的压制,同时又依赖于他们。福柯最初关注"非理性"与"受压制者",但德里达发现,我们根本无法做到对它们的完美阐述。于是福柯转而研究了阐述者和接受者——主体——被建构的历史,以谱系学的视角观察主体及其知识被权力建构的过程,以及在这样一个过程中,"受压制者"是怎样被权力排除掉的。然而主体似乎没有了出路,身处权力之中使它在"存在"和"言说"两方面都不可能,这就是福柯终身面临的陷阱,也是后现代主义面临的悖论。因此,福柯在晚年又一次转向,试图从古希腊寻找一种个人修身和生活的方式,而这种方式并不通向某种权力强制;而德里达的思想继续充当了批评者的角色,从语言的层面批判理性对替补物的宰制。

This paper attempts to describe a paradox faced by a postmodernism in its subjectivity theory（human science）：the freedom of the subject is suppressed by various external powers,as well as dependent on them.Foucault initially concerned about ＂the irrational＂ and ＂the oppressed＂,but Derrida found we could＇t elaborate it perfectly.Then Foucault turned to research the history on the construction of the elaborator——receiver——the subject.He used genealogical perspective on how the subject and its knowledge are constructed by power,and how ＂the oppressed＂ is excluded by power in such a process.However,the subject seems to have no way,and impossible to ＂exist＂ and ＂say＂ with power surroundings.This is Foucault＇s lifelong trap,also the paradox of modernism.In response,Foucault began to change in his later years,and tried to find a way of self-cultivation and living from ancient Greece,which did not lead to a kind of force.Derrida＇s ideas,continued to play a role of critics,animadvert on the domination of Logos on the supplement from the level of language.