蜜源植物常用农药对蜜蜂急性毒性及风险评价

The acute toxicity and risk assessment of 25 pesticides used in nectar plant to Apis mellifera L.

选择浙江省种植面积较大的4种蜜源植物,测定其开花期常用的25种农药对蜜蜂的急性毒性,并结合其田间最大施用剂量进行风险评价。结果表明:1.8%阿维菌素(EC)对蜜蜂的LC50值(48 h)为0.0528(0.0462～0.0603)mg.L-1,属于剧毒级;1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(EC)、40%杀扑磷(EC)、10%烯啶虫胺(AS)、40%辛硫磷(EC)、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EC)、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯(EC)、480 g.L-1毒死蜱(EC)、45%马拉硫磷(EC),10%吡虫啉(WP),90%敌百虫(TC)对蜜蜂的LC50值(48 h)范围为1.02(0.869～1.14)至13.9(12.4～15.5)mg.L-1,属于高毒级;15%哒螨灵(EC)、20%啶虫脒(SP)、15%乙蒜素(WP)对蜜蜂的LC50值(48 h)范围为43.3(37.5～50.0)至163(127～210)mg.L-1,属于中毒级;5%唑螨酯(SC)、250 g.L-1咪鲜胺(EC)、25%除虫脲(WP)、40%炔螨特(EC)、50%灭蝇胺(WP)、50%烯酰吗啉(WG)、75%多菌灵(WG)、25%噻嗪酮(WP)、35%腐霉利(SC)、50%异菌脲(WP)、75%百菌清(WP)对蜜蜂的LC50值(48 h)均大于200 mg.L-1,属于低毒级。其中1.8%阿维菌素(EC)、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(EC)、40%杀扑磷(EC)、10%烯啶虫胺(AS)、40%辛硫磷(EC)、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯(EC)、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯(EC)、480 g.L-1毒死蜱(EC)、45%马拉硫磷(EC)、90%敌百虫TC对蜜蜂具有极高风险,10%吡虫啉(WP)、15%哒螨灵(EC)、5%唑螨酯(SC)对蜜蜂具有高风险,20%啶虫脒(SP)、15%乙蒜素(WP)、250 g.L-1咪鲜胺(EC)、40%炔螨特(EC)、50%灭蝇胺(WP)、50%烯酰吗啉WG对蜜蜂中等风险,而其他的药剂对蜜蜂均为低风险。

Twenty-five pesticides, which were commonly used in the period of flowering of 4 main nectar plants in Zhejiang province, were chosen to determine the acute toxicity to bees （Apis mellifera L. ） combining with the field maximum dose. The results showed that： the 48 h LCs0 values of 1.8% EC abamectin to Apis mellifera L. was 0. 0528 （0. 0462 -0. 0603） mg·L-I , belongs to very high toxic grade; the 48 h LCso values range of 1% EC em- amectin benzoate, 40% EC methidathion, 10% AS nitenpyram, 40% EC phoxim, 2. 5% EC lambda-cyhalothrin, 4. 5% EC beta-cypermethrin, 480 g.L^-1 EC chlorpyrifos, 45% EC malathion, 10% WP imidacloprid and 90% TCtrichlorfon to Apis mellifera L. were 1.02 （0. 869 - 1.14） mg. L ＇ to 13.9 （12. 4 - 15.5 ） mg. L-＇, belongs to high toxic grade; the 48 h LCs0 values range of 15% EC pyridaben, 20% SP acetamiprid and 15% WP ethylicin to Apis mellifera L. were 43.3（37.5 -50. 0） mg·L^-1 to 163（ 127 -210） mg.L-l , belongs to moderate toxic grade; the LCso values of 5% SC fenpyroximate, 250 g-L- 1 EC prochloraz, 25% WP diflubenzuron, 40% EC propargite, 50% WP cyromazine, 50% WG dimethomorph, 75% WG carbendazim, 25% WP buprofezin, 35% SC procymidone, 50% WP iprodione and 75% WP chlorothalonil to Apis mellifera L. were higher than 200 mg.L^-1 , belongs to low toxic grade. The results showed that 1.8% EC abamectin, 1% EC emamectin benzoate, 40% EC methidathion, 10% AS nitenpyram, 40% EC phoxim, 2. 5% EC lambda-cyhalothrin, 4. 5% EC beta-cypermethrin, 480 g·L^-1 EC chlorpyrifos, 45% EC malathion and 90% TC trichlorfon had very high risk to Apis meUifera L. 10% WP imidaclo- prid, 15% EC pyridaben and 5% SC fenpyroximate had high risk to Apis mellifera L. 20% SP aeetamiprid, 15% WP ethylicin, 250 g·L^-1 EC proehloraz, 40% EC propargite, 50% WP cyromazine and 50% WG dimethomorph were moderately risk to Apis mellifera L. , while other pesticides were low-risk to Apis mellifera L.