西方正义战争理论与人道主义干预

Just War Theory and the Humanitarian Intervention

西方的正义战争理论是西方世界关于何时诉诸武力以及如何使用武力的战争伦理理论。它起源于公元5世纪基督教神学家圣.奥古斯丁对战争的论述,后经托马斯.阿奎那、弗朗西斯科.维多利亚、胡果.格老秀斯等神学家和国际法学者的系统阐述而形成了较为完整的理论体系,并经过千余年的发展提出了一套关于诉诸武力和使用武力的标准问题,包括诉诸武力时的正当理由、正当权威、正当目的、最后手段、成功的可能性与对等性以及使用武力时的区别对待和对等性。冷战后,其核心要素为人道主义干预鼓吹者所吸收,成为主张人道主义干预者的重要伦理基础。无论是鼓吹"人道主义干预的权利",还是主张"保护的责任",都强调在使用武力方面要符合和满足西方正义战争理论传统中的正义标准,为人道主义干预寻求道德支撑。作者通过对西方正义战争理论思想发展脉络和主要内容的梳理和归纳,指出它与人道主义干预理论之间的共鸣之处,提出尽管两者在特定历史和环境下有一定的积极意义,但却有被滥用的风险。在国际关系已部分"法制化"的今天,在人道主义干预问题上,国际社会必须慎之又慎。

The Just War theory is a Western ethical theory answering when and how to resort to war,which was originated in the fifth century by the Christian theologist Saint Augustine and thereafter developed and expounded by Thomas Aquinas,Francisco de Vitoria and Hugo Grotius,etc.After more than one thousand years' evolution,the Just War theory developed systematic criteria on when and how to resort to force,namely,'jus ad bellum' and 'jus in bello',the former includes just cause,right authority,right intention,last resort,prospect of success and proportionality while the latter refers to discrimination and proportionality.In the post-Cold War period,the ethical values of Just War theory were rediscovered and made as the moral foundation of humanitarian intervention by its proponents.Based on examinations of the development and evolution of the Just War theory and analyses of its ethical influences on the viewpoints of the proponents of humanitarian intervention,the author argues that while it might be morally sound in some extreme cases to resort to force/war,there have been great chances of abuses,as witnessed in history.In today's world,where international relations has been greatly 'institutionalized' and where international law plays a part,the international community should be very careful in resorting to military intervention,even on humanitarian grounds.