白俄罗斯的政治转轨——市场改革与民主化的博弈

白俄罗斯的政治转轨是原苏联国家中比较充满争议和矛盾的一个案例。同其他原苏联国家一样,白俄罗斯在独立之初曾选择了西方宪政民主制和经济市场化改革,但是严重的经济衰退和政治腐败让白俄罗斯社会开始重新思考民主转型和市场转轨。卢卡申科凭借其清廉的政治形象、渐进式的经济改革思想受到选民的欢迎,并走上了白俄罗斯权力中心。其后,他通过全民公决扩大总统权力,突破了三权分立的宪法框架,同时取消了总统的执政期限,在政治上形成了权威主义政治。白俄罗斯也因此被西方国家称之为欧洲"最后一个独裁国家"。本文认为,民粹主义是导致白俄罗斯的权威主义政治形成的主要动力,市场社会主义是白俄罗斯权威主义政治巩固和制度化的基础。简而言之,是市场与民主博弈的结果,具有其阶段性的合理性。

Belorussian political transition is typical case with controversies and contradictories among the countries of the Former Soviet Union. Similar to other countries of the Former Soviet Union, Belorussia chose western constitutional democracy and marketization reform at the beginning of transition. However, serious economic drawback and political corruption have Belorussia to rethink how to carry out transition. Lukashenko, by virtue of honest and upright and gradual reform, made himself popular among the constituency and came to central arena of Belorussian power. He expanded president’s power, breached separation of the three powers, abolished president’s limit of term of office, and headed for authoritarian politics. This paper thinks that populism is main driving force behind of formation of authoritarian politics in Belorussia, on the one hand, and market socialism is basis of consolidation and institutionalization of authoritarianism, on the other. Briefly speaking, it is a result of market competing against democracy, hence it has periodic reason.