美国心理战略委员会“叛逃者项目”探微(1951-1953)

U.S.Psychological Strategy Board's “Escapee Program”(1951-1953)

二战结束后,随着东欧国家相继建立人民民主政权,出于对政治的或者经济的考虑,许多东欧国家的民众逃往西欧。与此同时,美国政府也逐渐意识到煽动社会主义国家的民众叛逃有助于赢得冷战,因此出台了相关的政策文件。根据这些文件,杜鲁门政府时期负责策划国家心理战行动的心理战略委员会设计了"叛逃者项目"。在实施中,"叛逃者项目"通过宣扬西方的"美好生活"来策反苏东国家的民众。除了照顾和安置叛逃者,该项目注重将叛逃者用于宣传、情报搜集和隐蔽行动等,借以削弱苏东社会主义国家,笼络对美国有利的人物。"叛逃者项目"的实施,确实给苏东社会主义国家带来压力。但由于在此过程中美国常常凌驾于欧洲国家之上,并且不具备及时安置大量叛逃者的能力,美国也给自己制造了麻烦。

After WWⅡ,with the establishment of Socialist system in Eastern European countries,many citizens escaped to the Western Europe for political or economic reasons.At the same time,American Government gradually realized that inciting the defection of people in the communist countries would help them win cold war,so they issued a series of policies.According to the policies issued by Truman Administration,the Psychological Strategy Board was responsible for national psychological operations toward the socialist countries,which was called the 'Escapee Program'.This program induced the people of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe to escape their countries by preaching the 'perfect life' in the West.In addition to assistance and resettlement,this program also emphasized the importance of exploiting the escapees' values for propaganda,intelligence,covert operation and so on,in order to reduce the power and influence of Socialist countries and win those individuals who benefited America's national interest.Admittedly,Escapee Program placed a lot of strains on the communist countries.However,the American government offended European countries by frequently overriding them,and they themselves lacked the capability to resettle the massive escapees quickly and properly.To some extent,this program also brought troubles to America.