抗战前南京国民政府航空留学教育概况述评

Review of Nanjing National Government Education of Aviation Studies Abroad Before the Anti-Japanese War

相比于北洋政府时期和抗战爆发之后的航空留学教育,南京国民政府建立之后至抗战爆发前(1927～1937)的航空留学教育与之有很大差别。这一时期国民政府制定了许多航空留学教育的规章制度,以加强对航空留学教育的管理。我国航空留学生,主要由中央政府和地方实力派组织派遣。其中,中央政府派遣的航空留学生主要包括学习飞行技术和航空工程的人员,其留学的主要国家是美国和意大利。而地方实力派派遣的航空留学生主要是学习飞行技术,其留学国别较杂,留学时间短,成效一般。抗战前南京国民政府的航空留学教育开始走向正规化、制度化,并形成了陆海空三军留学局面。同时,南京国民政府又加强了自费航空留学生的管理与控制,特别是1935年出台文件,禁止其他集团或组织机构私自派遣航空留学生。此外,这一时期我国在航空留学生派遣资格上,出现了学生与学员的区别。

Compared with the education of aviation studies abroad during the Beiyang period （1908 -1927 ）, the education dur- ing the period from the founding of Nanjing Government to the outbreak of Anti-Japanese War （ 1927 - 1937 ）, there are many differences in the aviation studies abroad education. Nanjing national government has worked out a lot of rules and regulations to strengthen the administration of aviation overseas education. Mary aviation students has been sent to abroad by central govern- ment or local warlords. The former dispatched the students studying abroad, who mainly studied aeronautical engineering and flight in America and Italy. The latter dispatched students, who studied flight in different countries, and their studying time is short and the effect is not so good. Before the anti-Japanese War, Nanjing national government has made out many rules to strengthen the administration, and made aviation studies abroad education standardized and institutionalized. The government has strengthened the administration and the control of the studying abroad at the students＂ own expense. Especially, the government worked out the document to forbid other organizations and groups from dispatching the aviation students studying abroad privately. Besides, Nanjing national government made a difference between the students and trainees in dispatching qualification of the avia- tion returned students in the period.