东南亚华侨与1929-1933年世界经济危机

Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and the World Economic Crisis(1929-1933)

1929-1933年世界经济危机对全世界影响巨大,华侨主要聚居地区东南亚也深受其害。由于深受所在国经济环境的影响,东南亚华侨经济本身存在着经营分散、产业落后的弱点。东南亚各国早已成为帝国主义的殖民地,在国际贸易中,只能被动地接受帝国主义的裹挟,因而经常牺牲华侨的利益,以维系其统治。在经济危机波及东南亚地区时,东南亚各国政府相继出台了排华的经济、移民政策。华侨经济深受其害。尽管国民党政府对华侨投资极为重视,颁布了相应的法律法规,若干地方政府对华侨投资也采取了积极鼓励的政策,取得了一定效果。但华侨投资国内,也受到国内经济环境的影响。1928年以后,由于官僚资本的垄断扩张,阻碍了中国民族资本的发展,压缩了其发展空间,并在客观上对华侨资本产生了排挤、制约的严重后果。为应对世界经济危机,华侨转变其经营方式,在生产经营上开源节流,在资本经营上越来越多地采取资本联合,并通过侨汇转移财产、直接投资国内等措施,力图减少损失。但因诸多因素的影响,最终未能摆脱经济危机。

World economic crisis during 1929 - 1933 exerted great impact on the world, so did Chinese major populated areas of Southeast Asia. Greatly influenced by the national economic environment, the economy of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia it- self appeared dispersive and backward. Southeast Asian countries had already become colonies, what they could do in internation- al trade was accept the imperialist conditions passively, which often sacrificed the interests of overseas Chinese, only to maintain its reign. When the wave of the economic crisis expanded to Southeast Asia, the governments related unveiled a set of excluding policies in terms of economy and immigration. Overseas Chinese economy suffered a lot. Although the Kuomintang government at- tached great importance to investment by overseas Chinese, and promulgated corresponding laws and regulations and some local governments took active encouragement policy as well, which achieved to some extent, domestic investment by Overseas Chinese turned out to be the same as they did abroad. After 1928, expansion of the monopoly of bureaucratic capital hindered develop- ment of the Chinese national capital and compressed space of its development, which resulted in the exclusion and restriction to the overseas Chinese capital. To get around this, Overseas Chinese took such measures as changing the mode of operation, broad- ening sources of income and reducing expenditure, increasingly taking capital combination, transferring of property, carrying out direct domestic investment. But due to various factors, they ultimately failed to get through with it.