如何理解葛兰西实践哲学中的“必然性”?

How to Understand "Necessity" in Gramsci's Practical Philosophy

人的能动性与历史的必然性之间的内在冲突构成了解释世界与改变世界的对立,并且导致了葛兰西时代革命实践中宿命论与机会主义的对立。本文通过讨论葛兰西实践哲学的内涵,立足于葛兰西对必然性的独特理解,试图以葛兰西的视角来审视"改变世界如何可能"的问题。葛兰西通过对李嘉图的经济学理论中所谓的"假定……"逻辑的重新解读阐发出一种保持了偶然性维度的必然性,从而给予改变世界以现实的可能性。葛兰西的必然性符合人构造历史的行为的特殊性,即历史的必然性由人的行动所诠释,而人的行动仅仅是一种趋向,其中充满了可变因素。但在行动过程中,这些可变因素"被假定"为必然性的构成。葛兰西的实践哲学正是在强调历史必然性的基础之上,通过恢复这种必然性的"假定"的前提而同时保持了人的能动性。

The contradiction of man＇s initiative and historical necessity leads to opposition of ＂explaining the world＂ and ＂changing the world＂,which makes fatalism and opportunism as main trends in Gramsci＇s revolution practice.What the article tries to talk about is the problem of ＂how is it possible to change the world＂ from Gramsci＇s perspective.Gramsci gives us a kind of necessity which doesn＇t annul the contingence with the reconstruction of economic theory of Ricardo.Gramsci＇s necessity suits to particularity of man＇s historical action which includes many indeterminable factors,but is ultimately determined by historical necessity.How is it possible？ It is possible only when these indeterminable factors could be ＂presupposed＂ as ＂necessity＂,so that the necessity could be changed by man＇s initiative.