历史唯物主义视域中的劳动价值论与形而上学

Labor Theory of Value and Metaphysics:In the Perspective of Historical Materialism

从哲学的角度看,劳动价值论的确立是以一种特殊的方式再现了现代市民社会的兴起及其政治经济诉求。从霍布斯和配第开始将土地和劳动看作财富的共同起源,经过洛克以劳动来为私有财产进行自然法的论证,再到重农学派和苏格兰学派在市民社会内部分别从财富的来源和商品交换中的不变尺度两个方面来对劳动进行探讨,在此基础上,斯密提出了劳动价值论;但同时,劳动价值论暴露出了自身的内在矛盾——等价交换与剩余价值产生之间的矛盾。黑格尔虽然没有直接讨论劳动价值论,但在他的思辨形而上学体系中,"劳动"和"价值"同样扮演着关键性的理论角色,黑格尔让这些经济范畴以观念的方式运动起来,从而为解决这种矛盾找到"合理"途径,这为我们提供了一个透视黑格尔形而上学体系内在秘密和马克思历史唯物主义的独特视角。

As a theoretical by-product of political economy,the making of labour theory of value is an intellectual reaction of the historical development of civil society.The economics of Smith and Ricardo revealed the inner paradox of this theory,which is the contradiction between the exchange of equal values based on the natural rights of private property and the surplus value in the accumulation of capital.Hegel did not discuss labour theory of value directly,but labour and value play key roles in his idealist metaphysics as well,which is a new theoretical perspective in the understandings of Hegel's Idealism and Marx's Historical Materialism.