中国古村镇保护利用中的悖论现象及其原因

PARADOX PHENOMENA AND CAUSES IN THE CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF ANCIENT TOWNS AND VILLAGES IN CHINA

中国的古村镇保护利用工作经过了30多年的发展取得了积极的进步,但是也出现了因保护而破坏的严重问题。本文尝试从对古村镇定义的修订切入,将古村镇作为一种文化综合体和文化生态系统进行分析,强调古村镇是由器物、行为、制度、精神四个层面构成的文化综合体,是具有自组织性的文化生态系统,对系统中任意环节的破坏都会造成保护利用的悖论现象。在此基础上,本文总结出保护环境与破坏环境、重现建筑特色与消解建筑特色等四重"中国式悖论",并进一步从社会文化环境、理念认知、管理机制以及开发模式等层面分析了中国式悖论产生的原因。

After 30 years of development, the work of Chinese ancient villages protecting and utilizing has made positive progress, meanwhile, serious problems of destruction that come from protection and utilization have appeared. This paper tries to make detailed inquiries about the causes of these serious problems by cut- ting in from the revised definition of ancient villages, and find that the ancient village is a cultural complex consisting of four levels： materials, behavior, systems and spirit. These four levels are interrelated, closely in- tegrated and influenced by each other. Among them, the materials culture is the ＂body＂ of ancient villages, without ＂body＂ there＇s no medium of cultural expression and succession; on the other hand, the behavior, sys- tems and spirit culture is the ＂soul＂ of ancient villages, without ＂soul＂ are ancient villages only a lifeless pup- pet. Only when ＂soul＂ meets ＂body＂ can ancient villages get a real sense of development. Moreover, the an- cient villages are also a cultural ecosystem with self-organization, which consists of people, the achievement of creativity and the environment. In this system, the environment is the base of the village development. His- torical environment, ecological environment and villages texture decide together the characteristic and the in- dividuality of ancient villages; people, namely the residents in the villages, are the core of the system opera- tion, the main body of villages development and construction and the creators and successors of culture; the structures in villages are not only the symbol of individuation, but also the vehicle of particular production and living style; the production and living activities, festivals, games, beliefs, and language etc. which are in the continuation of the village living community, are the essence and the particular cultural attraction of an- cient villages. Any destruction of this culture ecosystem could lead to a paradox phenomenon in protection and utilization. At last,this paper moves further to analyze the causes of the Chinese paradox from the levels of social and cultural environment, the cognition of concepts, the administrative mechanisms and the develop- ment mode.