汉日动词句他动性的认知比较分析

A Comparative Analysis of Cognition between Chinese and Japanese Transitivity

本文以构式语法为理论背景,对汉语和日语的他动性与构式的关系进行探讨。意义扩展建立在概念相互关联基础上,具体和抽象、动态和静态、原因和结果彼此关联,可以形成扩展。意义扩展的途径一般为"动态→静态"、"原因→结果"、"具体→抽象"、"他动性→自动性"。构式意义是相互关联相互扩展的。存在句可以扩展为领属句,领属句可以扩展为他动词句。这种连续与扩展在汉日对译上也能反映出来。从汉日比较上看,汉语的"SVO结构"和日语的"〈SOをV〉结构",其原型意义都是表示"他动性"的"事件结构",在隐喻、转喻等意义扩展机制下,构式可以实现"他动性→自动性"的意义扩展。汉语他动性与自动性的差异主要表现在结构位置上,而日语主要表现在「を」格助词上。

This article explores the transitivity of Chinese and Japanese from the perspective of construction grammar. There is a difference between the transitivity of Chinese and Japanese, but in both languages the constructional meanings are extendable. Existential sentences can be extended to possessive sentences, and possessive sentences can be extended to transitive sentences. The meaning of sentence elements is also extendable, and this extension interacts with the constructional meaning. The route of meaning extension usually changes from concrete to abstract, from dynamic to static, from cause to result. In addition, the constructional meaning constrains its constituent elements, for example, an existential sentence constrains quantifiers and adverbial elements, while a static sentence constrains the agent. In the construction, the meaning of the constituent elements can achieve an extension of the meaning from transitivity to automatism.